The period from 2004 to 2014 witnessed the consolidation of several women-centric policies. Schemes such as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) played a particularly significant role by guaranteeing equal wages for men and women and ensuring a substantial female workforce.
This reading experience is akin to a guided walk through the alleys of the virtual world behind our screens. Depending on your tendencies to doomscroll and your screen time, some spots will be familiar, some a surprise, and if the content and spaces under discussion don’t intrigue you much, the commentary and observations are alone worth staying for. Despite the complete absence of an advisory tone but much like a good description, the book slowly nudges you to rethink the time spent on the internet. The author does not judge at all and in fact admits to the strange follies of human nature. That is precisely what makes the introspection easier.
The attention economy is built on the fact that attention is infinite and unlimited. Only time is the limit. Algorithms are made in such a way that a specific amount of time and attention is given to the social media marketplace. Bhandari draws from the Marxist concepts of attention and alienation, along with the works of Christian Fuchs and Jenny Odell, to explain what she means by the international political economy of attention.
Minister of Home Affairs, P Chidambaram, in his speech in the Lok Sabha delivered on 7 May 2010 tried explaining how ‘caste-wise enumeration may affect the accuracy of headcount and the integrity of the census’ (p. 103). The veteran political leaders of socialist background who consistently raised the issues of social justice in the Indian Parliament namely Lalu Prasad, Mulayam Singh and Sharad Yadav sensed a conspiracy on the part of Chidambaram and hence forced the adjournment of the Lok Sabha immediately after the latter’s the speech.
Moving from academic to the media which also represents the dominant caste groups’ interests as the nation’s interests, the book critiques the way elections and their outcomes are articulated and portrayed largely as a ‘zero sum game’ or ‘a winner takes it all’ ignoring the dynamic, aspirational and normative motives of the electorate. The theatricality and the triumphalist nature of the reporting of electoral outcomes or simply put, results which include political analysts, psephologists and other ‘political pundits’, set the narrative and deliberate in such a manner that completely ignores the interests of the Dalits in the country.
Lee’s work begins by highlighting the stark contradiction of impunity prevailing over democracy: despite being a democracy, nearly half of its elected representatives face criminal charges, exemplifying the deep-rooted nature of impunity within its political system. Each chapter then dissects a dimension of this problem—from systemic underfunding to bureaucratic centralization, elite manipulation of postings,